【原创翻译】从仿制到掌握自主技术盘点中国武装直升机发展史

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　　英国《空军月刊》14年10月刊

　　从仿制到掌握自主技术盘点中国武装直升机发展史

　　CHINESE ATTACK HELICOPTERS

　　In a world where sanctions， vetoes， clones and copies all played a big part， China's attack helicopters are finally EMERGIIG FROM THE SHADOWS

　　中国武装直升机

　　在制裁、禁运、克隆和复制扮演重要角色的环境下，中国攻击直升机终于从过去的仿制阴影中解放出来，走上了自主道路。

　　as Jakub Fojtik explains

　　雅各布·Fojtik

　　The PEOPLE'S Liberation Army(PLA) of China was initially introduced to the concept of armed battlefield helicopters when eight HOT anti-tank missile-equipped SA342L Gazelles from Aerospatiale were delivered during the 1980s. These light and agile machines were used to develop anti-armour warfare tactics，as well as undertaking border patrols and simulating hostile aircraft during military training exercises for Chinese special forces. License production of the SA342L was under consideration for some time， but this was abandoned when the Cold Ware ended. Nevertheless， the PLA's experience with its modest fleet of Gazelles eventually led to procurement of additional scout helicopters.

　　20世纪80年代，当来自法国宇航公司(Aerospatiale)八架装有HOT式反坦克导弹的SA342L“小羚羊”直升机交付中国时，中国人民解放军(PLA)才有了最初的攻击直升机概念。这些行动敏捷的轻型直升机被中国人用于反坦克战术开发，同时也用于边境巡逻并且在中国特种兵的军事训练演习中模拟敌机。有一段时间，双方曾考虑过SA342L的许可生产，但随着冷战的结束，这一计划也被叫停。不过，有了使用“小羚羊”的经历，解放军之后又采购了更多的侦察直升机。

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　　Boasting the world's longest land border 13，800 miles (22.OOOkm)， China clearly needed an armed helicopter capable of lengthy patrols more than any other country. This was particularly the case in the 1980s when China did not enjoy cordial relations or a secure border with many of its neighbours.

　　中国拥有世界上最长的陆地边境线-13800英里(22000km)，中国显然需要比其他任何国家更多的、能够执行长距巡逻任务的武装直升机。这种需求在20世纪80年代尤为明显，因为当时的中国与许多邻国存在边境安全问题。

　　Although such violations clearly threatened China's homeland security， the PLA repeatedly failed to buy attack helicopters to tighten its borders. Nevertheless， armament options continued to be evaluated and evidence suggests Chinese engineers visited Angola to inspect locally operated Mil Mi-8TVK transport helicopters equipped with anti- tank guided missiles (ATGMs).

　　尽管这种情形明显威胁到了中国的国土安全，但中国人民解放军多次想购买攻击直升机的计划都以失败告终。然而，中国的武器采购评估一直在进行着，有证据显示，中国工程师曾前往安哥拉考察配备了反坦克导弹的米里Mi-8TVK运输直升机。

　　Such trips were clearly worthwhile， for Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket (FFAR) pods and free fall bombs were subsequently introduced to PLA Harbin Z-5 (a Chinese license-built version of the Mil Mi-4) and Mi-8 helicopters. China also looked at purchasing Mi-24s after the PLA managed to capture one ofthe type for evaluation purposes. (probably from Mongolia). lts weapon systems were studied to see if they could be manufactured in China for fitment to types already in PLA service at the time.

　　这种考察显然是值得的，因为折翼航空火箭(FFAR)和自由落体炸弹技术随后被应用到中国人民解放军的哈尔滨Z-5(中国引进米里Mi-4许可证生产的直升机)和Z-8直升机。在解放军成功获得一架该型直升机(可能来自蒙古)做评估后，中国也曾打算采购Mi-24。中国人还对Mi-24的武器系统做了研究，看看它们是否可以在中国生产，并装配到中国解放军在役的直升机上。

　　Even if the Chinese had wanted to pursue the purchase of Mi-24s， it is highly unlikely the Soviet Government would have agreed due to concerns about the deployment of attack helicopters along the Sino-Soviet border. Their presence would almost certainly have evoked memories ofthe Sino-Soviet conflicts of 1929and 1969.

　　由于苏联担心中国会在中苏边境部署攻击直升机，所以即使中国当时想购买Mi-24，苏联政府也不可能同意。

　　In the late 1980s China eualuated the Agusta A129 Mangusta'

　　In the late 1980s China evaluated the Agusta A129 Mangusta， and in 1988 secured an agreement with the US Government to acquire AH-1 Cobras and license-build BGM-71 TOW missiles - it is no secret that Chinese engineers had visited Iran several years earlier to evaluate the type. Both deals were cancelled when a strictly enforced arms embargo was introduced on China by Western governments in the immediate aftermath of the Tiananmen Square protest repression in June 1989. With the collapse of the USSR in1991，China approached Bulgaria，Ukraine and Belarus in the hope it could acquire a number of second-hand Mi-24s. The PLA planned to send the helicopters to South Africa for modernisation， but once again the purchase failed to materialise.

　　20世纪80年代末，中国对奥古斯塔A129“猫鼬”直升机进行了评估， 1988年获许与美国政府达成协议购买AH-1“眼镜蛇”直升机并获得生产BGM-71 TOW型导弹的许可。其实早在几年前，中国工程师已经在访问伊朗时对该类型的直升机做了评估。但是在美国对中国执行严格的武器禁运政策之后，两项交易都被取消。1991年苏联解体后，中国曾亲近保加利亚、乌克兰和白俄罗斯，希望可以获得大量的二手MI-24。解放军也曾计划将这些直升机运往南非进行现代化改造，但采购再次失败。

　　In the mid-1990s China approached Russia about acquiring new Kamov Ka-50s and Mil Mi-28s， but the sale of both types was vetoed by the Kremlin although the recently formed People's Liberation Army Ground Force Aircraft (PLAGFAF) could have been the helicopters'first export customer. The final rejection convinced senior officers in the PLA GFAF to push to develop dedicated， indigenous， attack and scout helicopter.’

　　到20世纪90年代中期，中国曾要求采购俄罗斯的新卡莫夫Ka-50和米里Mi-28直升机，虽然新成立的人民解放军地面部队可能成为这些直升机的第一个海外客户，但两项军售请求都被克里姆林宫否决。这促使人民解放军地面部队高级军官下决心大力发展本土攻击和侦察直升机。

　　Scout for any mission

　　By the mid-1990s the Chinese had fielded an armed heliKopter， developed from the medium utility Harbin Z-9.Licerxe-built clones of the Eurocopter A5365 Dauphin， some 200 unarmed Z-9s， entered se~ice with the PLAGFAF during the eady 1990s. The type was deemed powerful enough to cope with the added weight of anti-tank missiles， their pylons and associated sighting sensors. It also had the lowest possible dependence on equ~pment supplied by foreign manufacturers of any helicopter then in Chinese production.

　　可执行多种任务的侦查直升机

　　到20世纪90年代中期，中国已经部署有一架武装直升机，它是在哈尔滨中型运输直升机Z-9的基础上发展而来的。Z-9是获得欧洲直升机公司A5365“海豚”许可生产的。20世纪90年代，大约200架Z-9非武装直升机进入中国人民解放军地面部队服役。该型飞机据说可以搭载反坦克导弹、导弹挂架以及相关的瞄准传感器。值得一提的是，当时的外国制造商没有向中国提供任何的直升机设备。

　　Approximatety 70% of the Z-9B was construaed from Chinese-made components， while the rest supplied by France. However， the latter's in put consisted of the most sophisticated items installed in the helicopter such as its avionics and engines. China worked hard to reduce the level of French equipment in the Z-9. and by the time the Z-9A-100 model began flight-testing only 9% 0f the componentsin the engine and 18% 0f the air frame and its systems had been supplied by Eurocopter.

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　　Z-9B大约有70%的组件是中国制造，其余由法国提供。然而，后者提供的是技术最复杂的组件，比如直升机的航空电子设备和发动机等。中国也曾努力减少法国设备在Z-9中的分量。到Z-9A-100型开始飞行测试时，只有9%的发动机部件和18%的机身和系统组件来自欧洲直升机公司。

　　The Z-9A-100 was late selected as the baseline model for series production of scout and attack versions of the helicopter. The first variant， designated the Z-9C， was intended for maritime patrol and support operations with the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF). It was followed by the Z-9W， which was equipped for KOUting missions and providing direct fire support for PLA troops on the ground.

　　Z- 9A-100之后被选为侦察和攻击直升机批量生产的基准模型。第一款改进型的Z- 9A-100是Z-9C，主要用于中国人民解放军海军航空兵的海上巡逻和支援行动。紧随其后的是Z-9W，它是为解放军地面部队执行侦查任务和提供直接火力支援设计的。

　　The Z-9VV’s principal weapon was the locally buit HJ-8 anti-tank guided missile， a non-licensed derivate of the optically tracked and wire-guided Russian AT-3 Sagger ATGM - the Chinese 'copy' incorporated improvements in the weapon's construction， guidance systems and warhead effectiveness. The specially developed， increased range， HJ-8B model optimised for employment from a helicopter was the weapon of choice for the Z-9W. Locally manufactured， pod-mounted 57mm and 90mm unguided FFARs(the former are copies Of Soviet-era S-S rockets) and 7.62mm， 12.7mm and 23mm calibre cannon pods could also be carried bythe helicopter.

　　Z-9W的武器主要是中国国产的HJ-8反坦克导弹，据说是未经许可生产的俄罗斯AT-3"萨格”光学跟踪线导反坦克导弹，中国人整合并改进了该导弹的武器结构、制导系统和弹头效能。HJ-8B射程较远，是Z-9W直升机的最佳武器选择。该直升机可以搭载的武器还有国产吊舱式57毫米和90毫米非制导机载折翼火箭(前者是苏联时代的S-S火箭复制品)，以及7.62毫米、12.7毫米和23毫米口径炮吊舱。

　　The first Z-9Ws were spotted participating in a military exercise as early as 1989， two years after the prototype completed its maiden flight. Following exhaustive weapons acceptance trials， the helicopterwas formally cleared for servicewith the PLAGFAF in 1993. Production of the Z-9W was well under way by then. Harbin reportedly manufacturing around 50 helicopters.

　　在原型机完成首航的两年后，第一批Z-9W于1989年在军事演习中首次亮相。经过详尽的武器验收试验后，该直升机又于1993年正式服役解放军陆军航空部队PLAGFAF。从那以后，Z-9W的生产进展一直很顺利。据报道，哈尔滨飞机制造厂共生产了约50架此型号直升机。

　　In 1999 the development ofthe more advanced all- weather day/night Z-9WA variant was launched by Harbin. The main difference between it and the Z-9W was a nose-mounted forward-looking infrared (FLIR) ball turret installed for weapons guidance and flight navigation. The HJ-8B missiles were replaced by the more modern HJ-8E version with thermal imaging， all-weather day and night guidance capability and an increased range of up t0 3.7 miles (6km).

　　1999年，哈尔滨飞机制造厂开始生产更先进的昼夜全天候Z-9WA直升机。它和Z-9W的区别是：Z-9WA装配了用于武器制导和飞行导航的前视红外球形炮塔。HJ-8B导弹则被更现代的HJ-8E取代，HJ-8E具备了热成像、昼夜全天候导航能力，射程则增加到了3.7英里(6公里)。

　　The missile's warhead was also upgraded so it could penetrate explosive reactive armour fitted to modern tanks. Newer ATGMs such as the HJ-10 (sometimes referred to as the ADK-10) were cleared for use by the helicopter too. An indigenously developed weapon that is similar in capability to the American AGM-1 14 Hellfire， the missile is available in infrared -， laser- and TV-guided versions. For self-defence， the Z-9WA was cleared to carry the unique TY-90 infrared- guided anti-helicopter missile， which has a range of 6km. TheTY-90 is presently the only air-to-air missile developed specifically for dogfighting helicopters.

　　该导弹的弹头也得到升级，可以穿透现代坦克的爆炸反应装甲。新型反坦克导弹，比如 HJ-10(有时也指ADK-10)也获得准许在该直升机上使用。中国自主研发的这种导弹武器在功能上类似于美国的AGM-114地狱火导弹，也属红外、激光和电视制导导弹。为了自卫，Z-9WA也被准许搭载射程达6公里的TY-90红外-导引反直升机导弹。TY-90是目前唯一专门为空战直升机开发的空空导弹。

　　The first Z-9WA prototype almost certainly started flight testing in 2000 with its first public appearance shortly after confirming significant improvements by the Chinese defence industry in local design and production of an armed helicopter. Most surviving Z-9Ws were subsequently upgraded with systems developed for the Z-9WA. China is also considering further improvements to the helicopter， including a crew helmet target cueing system，which is presently under development.

　　几乎可以确定的是，在一架自主生产的武装直升机上试验并经过中国国防工业部门升级后，第一架Z-9WA原型机于2000年开始飞行测试。现存的大部分Z-9W配备的也是与Z-9WA一样先进的系统。中国也在考虑进一步改进Z-9WA，包括目前仍在研发的飞行员头盔目标提示系统。

　　In 2010 China achieved a notable first when four export-specification Z-9WEs were sold to the Kenyan Armed Forces. The helicopters made their combat debut during a six-month deployment to neighbouring southern Somalia in 2012， the Z-9Wes supporting ground forces and conducting armed patrols over territory occupied by Al-Shabaab Islamic terrorists. According to Kenyan military sources， two helicopters were permanently armed with FFARs and cannon pods. Although operations in Somalia were of low intensity， successful deployment of the Z-9WE in combat greatly improved the marketability of the helicopter with other potential customers.

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　　2010年，四架出口型Z-9WE被卖给肯尼亚军队，中国取得了引人注目的首个第一。这些直升机首次参加战斗任务是在2012年，它们被部署到邻国索马里南部，在为期6个月的部署期间，Z-9WE主要用于在被青年党伊斯兰恐怖分子占领的区域执行地面部队支援和武装巡逻任务。肯尼亚军方消息人士称，有两架直升机被永久配备了机载折翼火箭和大炮吊舱。尽管该型直升机在索马里的行动强度较低，但Z-9WE在战斗环境中的成功部署大大提升了它在其他潜在客户心目中的市场化印象。

　　Aside from the Kenyan Armed Forces，Z-9WEs have　been delivered to Kampuchea， Laos， Mali， Pakistanand Venezuela， with further sales of baseline Z-9s to other　countries.

　　除了肯尼亚军队，Z-9WE也已交付柬埔寨、老挝、马里、巴基斯坦和委内瑞拉，除此之外，还有更多以Z-9为基准型号的直升机被销售到其他国家。

　　SA342 replacement

　　With the SA342 helicopter clearly outdated by the 1990s， the PLAGFAF chose an upgraded version of the locally built Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC) Z-11 as its replacement. Based on the Eurocopter AS350 Ecureuil， the Z-11 project started in 1989 under the leadership of Wu Ximing，　who would subsequently act as general designer for the WZ-10 attack helicopter and WZ-19 battlefield scout. The flight test programme for the Z-11 was completed in October 2000， and soon work on the CZ-11W battlefield surveillance， reconnaissance and light attack variant began.

　　SA342被取代

　　到20世纪90年代，SA342直升机已显过时，PLAGFAF选择了昌河飞机工业公司(CAIC)制造的升级版Z-11作为替代。Z-11是在AS350“松鼠”直升机的基础上研发的，该项目开始于1989年，其项目负责人吴希明随后成为WZ-10攻击直升机和WZ-19战场侦察直升机的总设计师。Z-11的飞行测试于2000年10月完成，不久之后，改进型CZ-11W战场监视、侦察和轻型攻击机的研发工作也随之展开。

　　The C2-iiW variant was unveiled after three years of development. Capable of carrying up to four HJ-8　ATGMs， the helicopter was also equipped with a roof-mounted FLIR ball turret. Less than 24 CZ-1lWs have been acquired by the PLAGFAF to date as direct replacements for the ageing SA342s， as the Z-9WA is considered a more flexible and powerful option for the armed scouting role. However， the CZ-11W's 'hot and high'performanceis superior to the larger Z-9WA， which means the CAIC-built machine is particularly suited to operating in mountainous areas.

　　CZ-11W的研发共历时三年，可携带多达四枚的HJ-8反坦克导弹，该直升机也在顶部配备了前视红外雷达球状炮塔。作为对老化的SA342直升机的替代，PLAGFAF迄今仍在采购CZ-11W，目前配备的数量不到24架。Z-9WA据说是一款更加灵活且功能更加强大的武装侦察机。不过与体积更大的Z-9WA相比，CZ-11W的优良性能更具竞争优势。这意味着CAIC生产的飞机更加适合在山区作业。

　　WZ-10 - a real attack helicopter

　　Development of a dedicated attack helicopter was launched in China as a direct result of the overwhelming Coalition victory during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Targeting Iraqi tanks and armoured vehicles in Kuwait and southern Iraq， US Marine Corps AH-1 Cobras and US Army AH-64 Apache attack helicopters were in the vanguard of the Coalition ground offensive.

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　　WZ-10 真正的攻击直升机

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　　在1991年“沙漠风暴”行动中与科威特、伊拉克南部的伊拉克坦克和装甲车的较量中，盟军取得了压倒性的胜利：美国海军陆战队AH-1“眼镜蛇”和美国军队AH- 64”阿帕奇”攻击直升机成为联军地面进攻的先锋。这促使中国开始研发专用武装直升机。

　　Keen to use the experience of foreign manufacturers in the design and construction of a new machine， the Chinese Government courted overseas manufacturers to work alongside the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes to create the ostensibly civilian oriented six-ton class China Medium Helicopter (CHM). Eurocopter (rotor installation and design consultancy)，Pratt&Whitney Canada (PT6C turbo shaft engine) and Agusta Westland (transmission) all provided significant technical assistance.

　　擅长借鉴外国制造商设计经验的中国政府曾设法说服海外制造商与第602和第608研究所合作，开发民用6吨级国产中型直升机(CHM)。在这个过程中，欧洲直升机公司(提供了与转子安装和设计有关的咨询)、普惠加拿大公司(提供PT6C涡轮轴发动机)和奥古斯塔·韦斯特兰(提供传输系统)提供了所有的重大技术支持。

　　It soon became obvious the CHM project was merely a subterfuge for the Armed Helicopter Developmental Work Team that created at around the sametime. Such clandestine activity was forced on the Chinese due to the long-standing， and often ignored， arms embargo placed on the country by the West following the bloodshed of Tiananmen Square. In 1998， after four years of development work， the 602nd Research Institute proposed the armed helicopter programme should take priority over the CHM. It was at this point that the new machine was first designated the Wu Zhi(WZ) 10.

　　很快，CHM项目被证明只是一个托词，因为同时期开展这项工作的还有中国的武装直升机团队。鉴于长期以来存在的武器禁运政策，中国被迫进行这样的秘密活动。研发工作开展四年后，1998年第602研究所指出：武装直升机项目应该比CHM项目优先发展。正是基于这一点，该新型直升机第一次被命名为(武直)WZ-10。

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　　With the collapse of a deal to purchase Ka-50 helicopters from Russia in 2000， work on the WZ-10 assumed even greater importance. Lts development was kept under stricter secrecy than the Chengdu　J-10 fighter of the same period， the WZ-10 programme being called the SpeciaI Armed Project.

　　在2000年向俄罗斯购买Ka-50直升机交易失败后，WZ-10的研发工作显得更为重要。它的发展一直被严格保密，甚至比同一时期的成都J-10战斗机还要保密，WZ-10计划被称为中国的特殊武器项目。

　　Publicly， the 602nd Research Institute was assigned as The chief originator of the new machine to convince the outside world that the helicopter was a home-grown product. In reality， the Kamov design bureau had been secretly contracted by the Chinese Government to perform developmental work on the WZ-lO as far back as 1995.

　　第602研究所被公开指定为该直升机项目的研发单位，这样做是为了向外界表明，该直升机是中国自主生产的。实际上，早在1995年，卡莫夫设计局就与中国政府秘密签署合同，一起研发WZ-lO。

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　　Indeed，the Russian company had a free hand when it came to establishing base specifications such as weight， payload capacity and speed. Ultimately， although prototype construction， flight testing and further development were performed by the Chinese， the WZ-10 was a Kamov design. This was confirmed， somewhat surprisingly， by Kamov's chief designer Sergei Mikheyev during Heli Exp0 2013 when he announced that the WZ-lO was the end result of a joint Russian-Chinese enterprise known as Project 941.

　　确实，俄罗斯公司在制定飞机的基本规范-如重量、载荷能力和速度-问题上完全不受约束。最终，虽然原型机装配、飞行测试和进一步的研发是在中国进行的，但WZ-10却是一项不折不扣的卡莫夫设计。这已经得到证实，令人惊讶的是，卡莫夫首席设计师谢尔盖在2013年的直升机博览会上曾公开表示，WZ-10是俄中合作项目，即外界所知的“941工程”。

　　United Technologies Corpandits subsidiaries Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand had been fined US$75 million by the US Justice Department in June 201 2， after they broke a long-standing arms embargo with China by supplying it with engine control software that aided development of the WZ-10. This charge was vehemently denied by the　Chinese defence ministry. According to press reports，Pratt & Whitney Canada had agreed to help China build its first military attack helicopter in return for being in with a chance of securing lucrative contracts to provide engines for civilian aircraft.

　　2012年，联合技术公司的子公司普惠加拿大和汉胜被美国司法部罚款7500万美元，因为他们打破了长期以来的对华武器禁运现状-包括提供发动机控制软件和辅助WZ-10研发。但中国国防部坚决否认这一指控。据媒体报道，普惠加拿大已同意帮助中国制造其国内第一架军用攻击直升机，以换取为中国民用飞机提供发动机的丰厚利润。

　　Harbin of the CAIC was chosen initially to build the WZ-10， although responsibility was ultimatelytransferred back to the parent company in 2000. The first prototype was constructed the following year and　made its maiden flight in April 2003. Six prototypes　were eventually built， while WZ-10 components were also flown on Mi-171 and Z-8 test beds.

　　虽然飞机的生产任务在2000年被转移到总公司，但CAIC的哈尔滨工厂却是最初被指定生产WZ-10的单位。第一架WZ-10原型机于第二年建造完成，并与2003年4月完成处女航。WZ-10原型机共生产了六架，而WZ-10的组件也在Mi-171和Z-8平台上测试过。

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　　During the course ofthe exhaustive test programme the helicopter's design was significantly modified in light of the results gleaned from the flight trials. For example， the streamlined fuselage panels， initially　seen on the first two prototypes， were replaced by flat panels with a lower radar cross-section (RCS) signature.

　　在全面测试过程中，根据飞行试验结果，设计人员对直升机做了大幅修改。例如，最初出现在前两架原型机上的流线型机身面板，最终被低雷达截面(RCS)的扁平面板取而代之。

　　The engine mounts and exhaust outlets were also redesigned， while the nose-mounted sensors were replaced by upgraded versions of these systems.The first of 12 pre-production helicopters was seen at an air base near Beijing in 2009， and it is believed that as many as 74WZ-10s are now in frontline service with the PLAGFAF.

　　此外，发动机支架和排气布局也被重新设计，传感器也被升级后的系统取代。第一批预生产的12架直升机于2009年在北京附近的一个空军基地被拍，据信有多达74架的WZ-10正在PLAGFAF一线服役。

　　Although the WZ-10 was supposed to be a totally indigenous helicopter， initially it relied on locally built copies ofthe French Turbomeca Makila engine during the early phase of its test programme. This was primarily because the Chinese-developed　Wozhou-9 engine was then still under development. Although the second least powerful engine of the five tested for fitment to the WZ-10， the Wozhou-9 has the advantage of being totally free of foreign-built components.

　　虽然WZ-10据说是一款完全自主的直升机，但在其早期测试阶段，试验方案依靠的却是中国复制的法国透博梅卡-马基拉引擎。这主要是因为中国的涡轴9引擎当时仍在研发中。尽管WZ-10适配性测试中使用的引擎不是最优的(共有5个引擎，用于WZ-10的性能居第四)，但涡轴9的组件最终还是实现了完全自主生产。

　　Nevertheless， Western observers have claimed the Chinese turboshaft engine is merely a copy of the Russian Klimov TV3-117 as used in most Mil and　Kamov medium-lift， utility and attack helicopters.

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　　然而，西方观察家称，中国的涡轮轴发动机只是用于大多数米里和卡莫夫多用途和攻击直升机的俄罗斯克里莫夫TV3-117的复制品。

　　However， unlike the latter engine， the Wozhou-9s fitted to the WZ-10 have been installed aft of the helicopter's gearbox - the layout of the TV3-117 precludes such an arrangement. Designers working on the WZ-10 specifically chose this engine position due to the lower vibrations associated with　this type of layout， as well as to ease main gearbox construction. Another key difference between the Russian and Chinese engines is that the TV3-11　relies on an auxiliary power unit when sta rting， while the WZ-10 has an inbuilt electrical starter.

　　与后者引擎不同的是，WZ-10的涡轴9安装在了直升机的变速箱尾部，而TV3-117的布局则无法做到这一点。WZ-10的设计师之所以选择这台发动机，是因为这种布局的直升机与这台发动机搭配可以减少振动，并且可以简化主齿轮箱结构。俄罗斯和中国引擎的另一个重要区别是，TV3-11发动时要依赖辅助动力，而WZ-10配置的则是内置电机起动器。

　　Looking at the crew layout of the production standard WZ-10， the helicopter has stepped tandem cockpits in typical modern attack helicopter fashion. However，unlike the Apache or the Mi-24， the pilot occupies the front cockpit and the weapon systems officer (WSO) is seated behind him - identical to the Eurocopter Tiger and Kawasaki OH-1 layout. It is believed both cockpits　will be made fully NVG-capable during production，unlike the first examples now in service.

　　WZ-10直升机的乘员舱布局采用了典型的现代攻击直升机的阶梯纵列舱。与”阿帕奇”或米-24不同的是，WZ-10的飞行员在前驾驶舱，武器控制官坐在他身后-与欧直“虎式”直升机和川崎OH-1的布局相同。据信，除了目前在役的WZ-10外，之后生产的此型号直升机两个座舱都将完全实现夜视功能。

　　In a first for a Chinese helicopter， the WZ-10 has　reportedly been fitted with fly-by-wire controls，operated via HOCAS (hands-on collective and stick)buttons. However， on the few video clips of the helicopter's cockpit uploaded onto the internet，the WZ-1O appears to have conventional controls- which were developed in parallel to HOCAS as a backup. In some imagery， pilots and WSOs are seen wearing helmets similar to the Honeywell IHADSS　(Integrated Helmet Display Sight System) used by AH-64D longbow Apache crews.

　　作为中国直升机的首个第一，WZ-10据说已经配备了通过手不离杆总距杆与变距杆(HOCAS)按钮实现的电传飞控系统。然而，根据一些上传到互联网的驾驶舱剪辑视频，WZ-1O似乎采用的是传统的控制系统-与作为备份的HOCAS系统一起开发。在其他一些图片中可以看到：WZ-10飞行员和武器控制官的头盔采用了类似于 “阿帕奇”长弓直升机飞行员使用的霍尼韦尔综合头盔显示器视觉系统(IHADSS)。

　　Each cockpit is equipped with two large LCD multi-function displays (MFDs)， with the front cockpit also boasting a head-up display. The WZ-10 is one of the first Chinese helicopters equipped with a flight　management system， which facilitates easy mission　planning and debriefing.

　　WZ-10的驾驶舱都配备有两个大的液晶多功能显示器，前座舱还配有平视显示器。WZ-10是中国配备了飞行管理系统的第一批直升机，这大大方便了飞行员的任务规划和汇报工作。

　　Both cockpit tubs，which are made of polycarbonate，are protected by composite armour on the bottom and sides.The canopy features bullet proof glass that is up to 38mm thick， making it capable of withstanding direct hits from both shrapnel and rounds fired from machine guns up to 50-calibre in size. The WZ-10's fuselage is primarily constructed from aluminium　alloy， with composite materials accounting for　around 30% of it. Although the helicopter was　designed with a reduced RCS signature and reduced electro-magnetic characteristics， the WZ-10 cannot be called 'stealthy; although it has reportedly been camouflaged in radar-absorbent paints.

　　WZ-10的两个座舱都是由聚碳酸酯材料制成，底部和两侧都有复合装甲保护。舱盖则配有38毫米厚的防弹玻璃，使其能够承受从50口径机枪发射子弹的直接冲击。WZ-10的机身主要由铝合金制成，其中复合材料占30%左右。据报道，该直升机涂有可吸收雷达波的伪装材料，其雷达反射截面也得以降低、飞机电磁特性也有所削弱，但WZ-10仍算不上“隐形飞机”。

　　Behind the cockpits within the fuselage structure is the main gearbox， which harnesses power from the two nacelle-mounted Wozhou-9 turboshaft　engines. The engine inlets are protected by wire mesh to prevent possible FOD ingestion. The　helicopter's main rotor was designed by a team led by Li Meng， who was deputy chiefengineer at CAIC　during the WZ-10's early development phase. The　rotor consists of five Type 95KT composite blades，　which were developed by CAIC as one of ten critical home-grown technologies included within the　WZ-10. The Spheriflex rotor head system installed in the AS350 was the inspiration behind the damping system fitted to the helicopter.

　　驾驶座舱之后是主减速器，其动力来自两个短舱安装的涡轴9涡轮轴发动机。发动机入口有铁丝网保护，以防外物进入造成损伤。在WZ-10的早期发展阶段，直升机的主旋翼由CAIC副总工程师李萌领导的团队设计。直升机旋翼由五个95KT型复合材料桨叶组成，这也是CAIC WZ-10直升机的10项关键技术之一。WZ-10的阻尼系统设计灵感来自安装在AS350直升机上的球状旋翼毂系统。

　　Initially，a fenestron tail configuration had been planned for the WZ-10 following the success of the Z-9 an early mock-up of the helicopter was seen with　such an arrangement. However， the greater power　requirements associated with the fenestron tail， as well as itsincreased weight and higher construction　and maintenance costs， saw the 'fan-in-fin' replaced　by a more conventional four-bladed X-shape tail rotor similar to that used on the AH-64. This simpler layout also has a reduced noise signature. Both　main and tail rotor blades have been designed to　withstand direct hits from 12.7mm bullets.

　　由于早期的Z-9直升机布局取得了成功，WZ-10最初也考虑过尾旋翼配置。然而，尾旋翼布局有更大的动力需求，加之飞机的重量和高度设计问题和维护成本问题，“尾旋翼”计划最终被类似于AH-64的传统四叶交叉形尾桨取代。这种简单的布局有助于降低噪音。除此之外，主尾旋翼叶片还可承受12.7毫米子弹的直接冲击。

　　The Chinese have said the avionics suite in the WZ-10is more advanced than that of Russian attack helicopters. This equipment includes the fully solid state and digitised YH millimetre wave (MMW)fire-control radar， which is integrated with other subsystems of the helicopter's electronic warfare system such as its radar warning receivers， laser warning receivers， electronic support measures and electronic countermeasures.

　　中国称，WZ-10的航空电子设备套件比俄罗斯的攻击直升机更先进。这些设备套件包括完全固态和数字化的YH毫米波火控雷达，该火控雷达还可与直升机电子战系统的其他子系统集成，如雷达告警接收器、激光警戒接收机、电子支援设备和电子对抗装置。

　　The WZ-10's primary fire control system (FCS) is electro-optical， and its development has been strongly influenced by China's previous experience manufacturing similar French and Israeli systems. The software used by the FCS is indigenous， however. The system relies on colour daytime TV cameras， night vision cameras and imaging infrared cameras， and has a laser designator/illuminator and range finder in a conventional chin-mounted FLIR turret. The FCS can be slaved to the crew's helmet-mounted sights. The prototype WZ-10 was also equipped with a Modernised Target Acquisition Designation Sight/Pilot Night Vision Sensor system similar to that installed in the AH-64D， but all production examples lack this device.

　　WZ-10的主火力控制系统(FCS)属光电型，其研发过程受到了法国和以色列系统的影响。然而，FCS使用的软件却是完全自主的。火控系统主要依赖日间彩色电视摄像机、夜视摄像机和红外成像摄像机等设备，除此之外，飞机的传统机腹前视红外搜索转塔中还装有激光指示器/照明器和测距仪。FCS可以通过头盔控制。WZ-10原型机也配备了类似于AH-64D的现代化目标/飞行员夜视传感器系统，不过，目前在役的WZ-10都未装该设备。

　　Thanks to its modular design and GJV289A standard data bus architecture (Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B)， the WZ-10 can be armed with a wide variety of weapons of both Russian and Western origin. Internal armament consists of a chain-fed auto cannon installed under the chin of the helicopter. Three types of autocannon are available to the WZ-10， namely a 23mm indigenously developed gun， a Chinese copy of the 2A72 30mm weapon and a reverse-engineered version of the 25mm M242 Bushmaster. Up to two smaller calibre machine guns can also be fitted into a nose-mounted turret， along with a grenadelauncher.

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　　得益于其模块化设计和GJV289A的标准数据总线体系结构(中国版的MIL-STD-1553B)，WZ-10还可以配装源自罗斯和西方的各式武器。其中，内部武器系统包括安装在直升机机头下方的自动炮。WZ-10可用的自动炮有三种，即中国自主研发的一种23毫米炮、中国复制别国的2A72 30毫米炮以及中国逆向工程版的25毫米M242“巨蝮式”链炮。此外，在直升机装有榴弹发射器的机头炮塔中，还可搭载两部较小口径的机枪。

　　The helicopter's stub wings have two hardpoints each， and they are individually capable of carrying up to four ATGMs. These include the locally built HJ-8， HJ-9 and HJ-10. Although the latter weapon also has an anti-helicopter capability， the principal air-to-air missile used by the WZ-10 is the TY-90. The helicopter can also be equipped with a variety of FFARs ranging in size from 20mm to 130mm. Smaller calibre rockets are pod-mounted， while the 130mm weapons are carried individually on the hardpoints.

　　WZ-10直升机的短翼各有两个挂载点，均可单独携带多达四枚的反坦克导弹。这些导弹包括中国自主生产的HJ-8、HJ-9和HJ-10“红箭” 导弹。不过，尽管“红箭”具备反直升机能力，但WZ-10使用的空空导弹主要还是TY-90。WZ-10也可以配备尺寸在20mm到30mm之间的各种机载折翼火箭。较小口径的火箭均为吊舱式，而130毫米的武器则被单独装在挂载点上。

　　Free-fall bombs up to 500kg in weight， and 7.62mm， 12.7mm and 23mm cannon pods can also be uploaded to the stubwings.

　　WZ-10的飞机短翼也可搭载重500公斤的自由降落式炸弹，并可搭载7.62毫米、12.7毫米和23毫米炮吊舱。

　　WZ-19 scout

　　At the same time as the WZ-10 was being developed， Wu Ximing of the 602nd Research lnstitute began work on modifying the Z-9 into the WZ-19 reconnaissance and attack helicopter. One of the primary reasons for its creation was the price of the WZ-10， which at around US$27 million per unit is the most expensive Chinese helicopter built to date. With this figure firmly in mind， the Chinese defence ministry initiated the parallel development of a cheaper， and smaller， armed helicopter based on the Z-9.

　　WZ-19侦查直升机

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　　在WZ-10研发的同时，第602研究所的吴希明开始了将Z-9改装成WZ-19侦察和攻击直升机的工作。之所以这样做，主要原因是：WZ-10的造价太高-每架大约2700万美元，它是迄今为止中国制造的最昂贵的直升机。为此，中国国防部开始在Z-9基础上研制低成本的小型武装直升机。

　　Unlike the WZ-10， which was designed exclusively for the PLAGFAF， the WZ-19 will also be used by the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force and the Ministry of Public Security， which is responsible for border security. After a series of design changes a final layout was settled upon in 2004 following a　detailed evaluation of the combat experience of Coalition battlefield helicopters in Afghanistan and Iraq.

　　不同于为PLAGFAF专门设计的WZ-10，WZ-19还将列装中国人民解放军海军空军和负责边境安全公安部。经过一系列的设计更改和分析，WZ-19的最终布局于2004年敲定。据说，这一决定是在对阿富汗和伊拉克战场上的联军直升机战斗经验做详细评估后做出的。

　　Having analysed the tactics used by Western armed forces in these countries，the PLAGFAF asked for the development of a scout helicopter that could be employed in combined operations with　the WZ-10， or independently of it in low-intensity conflicts. Indeed， this is how the French EC665 Tiger and SA342M Gazelle Viviane or AH-64D Apache Longbow and OH-58D Kiowa Warrior have been fielded in Afghanistan， operating in 'hunter-killer'teams. Scout and attack versions of the WZ-19 for maritime and border patrol use were subsequently expected to be introduced into service.

　　通过分析西方军队在这些国家使用的战术， PLAGFAF指出：将发展可与WZ-10联合作战或可独立在低强度冲突中作战的侦察直升机。事实上，这正是法国EC665虎式直升机和SA342M“小羚羊”或AH-64D长弓”阿帕奇”和OH-58D“基奥瓦勇士”直升机在阿富汗“猎杀小队”行动中采用的战术。为海军和边境巡逻任务开发的WZ-19侦察和攻击版直升机随后也入列服役。

　　In 2005 the first photograph of a mock-up version of the helicopter appeared on the internet， the WZ-19 being parked in front of the administrative centre of the Harbin manufacturing plant. At this time the mock-up featured a dummy radar above the main rotor mast， and a second photograph that emerged on the internet a year later showed a modified horizontal tail flap design. The definitive layout of the helicopter was revealed in May 2010 when the WZ-19 prototype made its first flight.

　　2005年，第一张WZ-19直升机的照片在互联网上出现，照片上的WZ-19停在哈尔滨飞机制造中心的办公楼前。此时的飞机模型主旋翼上方出现了模拟雷达桅杆。而一年之后出现在互联网上的第二张照片，则展示了修改后的水平尾瓣设计。到WZ-19原型机2010年5月首飞时，该直升机才最终定型。

　　Although such events are usually covered by Chinese media， strangely in this case， there was no official public announcement. Unfortunately the prototype crashed on September 18 that same year(more recently， on March 4， 2014， a PLAGFAF WZ-10 was written off in a crashin centraI Shaanxi province).

　　尽管中国媒体通常都会报道飞机的相关进展，但奇怪的是，官方从未将此予以公告。不幸的是，这架原型机在同年9月18日坠毁(最近的一次事故发生在2014年3月4日：一架PLAGFAF WZ-10在陕西省中部坠毁)。

　　As a result of this early set back， the public unveiling of the WZ-19 was delayed until the Zhuhai Airshow in November 2012， when two prototypes - devoid of fuselage numbers - were displayed.

　　由于在研发早期遭遇了挫折，WZ-19的公开亮相一再被推迟，直到2012年11月的珠海航展，才展出两架机身编码未标示的原型机。

　　Study of these machines has revealed that the WZ-19 employs the dynamic system of the Z-9， including a　pair of Arriel lCl turboshaft engines. However， press reports have also noted that the Chinese-developed　WZ-8C derivative of the Arriel has been fitted to the helicopter too. Dispensing with the conventional Z-9 forward fuselage section， Wu Ximing and his team adopted stepped cockpits， as seen on most modern battlefield helicopters.

　　通过对这些飞机进行研究可以发现：WZ-19使用了Z-9的动力系统，其中包括一对法国阿赫耶lCl型涡轮轴发动机。不过，也有新闻报道指出，中国版的阿赫耶WZ-8C发动机也装在了该直升机上。摒弃了传统Z-9前机身部分设计后，吴希明和他的团队采用了大多数现代战场直升机的阶梯状座舱设计。

　　Like the WZ-10， in the WZ-19 the pilot is seated in the front cockpit with the WSO behind him. The helicopter's avionics suite is also similar to that installed in the WZ-10， with both cockpits being equipped with MFDs. There is also a HUD for the pilot， and the cockpits are helmet-mounted sight compatible. The flight controls， however， are conventional， rather than employing fly-by-wire/HOCAS system as seen in the WZ-10.

　　和WZ-10一样，WZ-19的飞行员也坐前驾驶舱，其身后位置是武器控制官。该直升飞机的航电设备也与WZ-10相似，两座舱都配备了多功能显示器。除此之外，WZ-19的驾驶员还配有平视显示器，驾驶舱还可与头盔显示器兼容。然而，飞行控制系统却属常规型，而非WZ-10的飞行线控/ HOCAS(手不离杆总距杆与变距杆)系统。

　　The WZ-19 has a FLIR ball turret under the nose for navigation， weapon guidance and tracking， and is also fitted with the YH millimetre wave (MMW) fire-control radar system. Reflecting its battlefield scout role， the helicopter lacks an integral cannon - such　armament is also missing from the OH-1 and OH-58 helicopters，for example.

　　WZ-19机头下方装有用于导航、武器瞄准和跟踪的前视红外球状炮塔，该飞机还配备了YH毫米波火控雷达系统。在战场侦察角色方面，WZ-19缺乏一个可集成使用的大炮系统-这种武器系统在OH-1和OH-58直升机上也未配备。

　　Four stub wing-mounted weapons racks can carry a combination of guided HJ-8 and HJ-10 ATGMs，20mm，57mm or 90mm FFAR pods， free-fall bombs up to a weight of 500kg or 7.62mm， 12.7mm or 23mm cannon pods. Finally， the WZ-19 is equipped with radar warning receivers，flare dispensers and reduced infra red signature exhausts.

　　WZ-19的四个短翼武器架可以携带的制导武器组合有HJ-8和HJ-10反坦克导弹，20毫米、57mm或90mm FFAR(机载折翼火箭)吊舱，此外之外还可挂载重500公斤的自由落体炸弹和7.62毫米、12.7毫米或23毫米炮吊舱。最后，WZ-19还配备了雷达预警接收器、曳光弹布撒器和降低红外信号的排气系统。

　　As previously noted， the WZ-19， thanks to its smaller size and cheaper cost， will also see service with the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force and the Ministry of Public Security. Lt is a particularly important type for the navy， as with the WZ-19's introduction， the Chinese will at last have an attack helicopter in their inventory that is capable of operating from the flight　deck of destroyers， assault ships and aircraft carriers.

　　The WZ-10 has conducted deck trials in the recent past， but the more compact WZ-19 appears to be the favoured type for maritime service.

　　如前所述，由于WZ-19体积较小且造价更低，它也将列装中国人民解放军海军空军和公安部。WZ-19对于海军来说意义非凡，因为有了WZ-19，中国终于有了能够在驱逐舰、攻击舰和航空母舰飞行甲板上执行操作的攻击直升机。

　　WZ-10也于最近进行了甲板试验，但布局更加紧凑高效的WZ-19似乎才是中国人看中的海事型直升机。

　　Increased power

　　With the imminent fielding of both WZ-10s and WZ-19s， the PLAGFAF is on the cusp of having a 'hunter-killer' team of battlefield helicopters that rivals， if not exceeds， the capabilities of any from its Asian neighbours. For the first time in China's history it will be able to effectively defend its borders　against the full spectrum of potential threats. The　helicopters' introduction will also significantly increasethe PLAGFAF's offensive capabilities.

　　中国武装直升机力量与日俱增

　　即将部署的WZ-10和WZ-19将使PLAGFAF拥有一支战场直升机“猎杀”部队，凭此，中国将成为其亚洲邻国的强大对手。而面对各种潜在的威胁，中国也将拥有保卫边界的利器。除此之外，这些直升机还将显著提高PLAGFAF的进攻能力。

　　Presently， WZ-10s equip the lst Army Aviation Regiment (of the 54th Group Army) based in　Xinxiang， the 5th Army Aviation Brigade (of the lst Group Army) in Nanjing， the 6th Army Aviation Brigade (of the 42nd Group Army) in Dalio (Sanshui)，　the 8th Army Aviation Brigade (of the 38th Group　Army) in Baoding， andthe9th Army Aviation Brigade　(of the 39th Group Army) in Liaoyang.

　　目前，WZ-10已装备中国新乡第一陆军航空团(属第54集团军)，南京第五陆军航空旅(属第1集团军)，广东三水第六陆军航空旅(属第42集团军)，保定第八陆军航空旅(属第38集团军)，以及辽阳第九陆军航空旅(属第39集团军)。

　　The WZ-19 is still undergoing testing， and is not scheduled to enter service with the PLAGFAF until late 2015. Subsequent production of WZ-19variants　for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force and the Ministry of Public Security will further increasethe military effectiveness of China within its Asian sphere of influence.

　　WZ-19目前仍在测试中，预计2015年底才能入列PLAGFAF服役。而为人民解放军海军空军和公安部后续生产的改进型WZ-19，将进一步增强中国在其亚洲势力范围内的军事有效性。

　　Chinese aerospace engineers are now working on fourth-generation attack helicopters that boast　stealth capabilities. According to Wu Ximing，these programmes were initiated several years ago following China's continued lack of success in　obtaining the latest attack helicopters from Russia or the USA， CAIC commencing the ambitious development of a high-speed stealth (or at least low RCS) attack helicopter and a heavier ten-ton　machine that will boast similar attributes.

　　中国航空航天工程师现正在研制具备隐身性能的第四代攻击直升机。据吴希明透露，在中国向俄罗斯或美国采购最新攻击直升机计划屡次失败的几年之后，这些项目就已启动。 CAIC已开始发展高速隐形(或者至少是低雷达截面RCS)攻击直升机以及更大型的10吨级同性能直升机。

　　Funding for these helicopters could come from　exporting WZ-10s and WZ-19s， although neither type has yet been officially offered for sale to foreign customers. One of the key attributes of　both is that they are free of export-controlled systems supplied by the West or Russia. This means　that China can sell them to anybody. At present it　would appear that Pakistan could be the WZ-10's　first export customer， the type being bought as a replacement for combat-weary AH-1F Cobras- the Pakistanis are also being offered the T-129 by Turkish manufacturer TAI.

　　尽管WZ-10和WZ-19都尚未正式售给国外用户，但高速隐形直升机项目的资金可能就来自WZ-10和WZ-19出口的收入。出口WZ-10和WZ-19的一个关键优势是：国外客户可以获得源自西方和俄罗斯的控制系统。这意味着中国可以将这些系统卖给任何人。目前看来，巴基斯坦可能成为购买WZ-10的第一个国外客户，以此替代疲于作战的AH-1F“眼镜蛇”直升机-除了“眼镜蛇”，巴基斯坦还采购了土耳其制造商TAI的T-129。

　　There is concern，however， that the WZ-10 is as yet unproven in　combat. The Chinese defence ministry is acutely aware ofthis， and， according to some press reports， is trying to find somewhere in Africa where it can　send a small number of helicopters to operate in a peacekeeping capacity. It is hoped that the WZ-10's performance in such an expeditionary role will demonstrate its credentials as a true battlefield helicopter.

　　然而，问题是，WZ-10还没有在战斗中得到认证。中国国防部已经敏锐地意识到这一点，据一些媒体报道，中国国防部正试图向非洲的某些地方派遣少量的直升机执行维和任务，以期在这样的远征中，展示WZ-10作为真正战场直升机的特性。

　　Licensed helicopters

　　The Chinese aerospace industry’s introduction to helicopter construction came in 1958 after the Soviets agreed to deliver four Mi-4 piston-engined helicopters and blueprints to allow their local manufacture. Although Harbin managed to fly a　prototype in 1959， production examples of the Z-5(as the type was desigiated) only began to reach frontline PLA units from 1963 due to technical delays. By the time production ceased in the 1970s around 545 Z-5s had been built While most served served the Chinese military， 40 were supplied to the Albanian Air Force and 50 to the Korean People's Army Air Force.

　　获得许可生产的直升机

　　在苏联同意交付四架Mi-4活塞发动机直升机以及允许当地生产的工程图纸之后，中国航天航空业于1958年开始涉足直升机生产。尽管1959年哈尔滨飞机制造厂设法试飞一架原型机，但由于技术延迟，Z-5样机(指定生产的直升机类型)1963年才开始到用于解放军一线部队。到20世纪70年代停产时，中国共生产了545架次的Z-5，其中大多数服役中国军方，有40架交付阿尔巴尼亚空军，50架卖给朝鲜人民军空军。

　　In 1976 china signed a contract with French company Aerospatiale that allowed changhe to license produce the three-engined SA32-lA Super Frelon heavy transport helicopter， locally designated the 2-8. The first example， which differed in many aspects from the French model (13 Aerospatiale-built helicopters had also been acquired in 1977-78)， was delivered　to the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force nine years later. Since then land- or ship-based　anti-submanne warfare/search and rescue 2-8s， 2-8Ss and 2-8JHs have entered service with the navy， while 2-8As， 2-8Ks and 2-8Kas have been acquired by the People's Liberation

　　Army Air Force to perform the SAR mission.

　　1976年，中方与法国宇航公司签署了一份合同，允许昌河飞机工业公司生产三引擎SA32-lA“超级黄蜂”重型运输直升机，在中国称为Z-8。第一架Z-8样机在许多方面不同于法国的“超级黄蜂”(1977-78年间，中国曾购得该公司的13架“超级黄蜂”直升机)，Z-8于九年后交付中国人民解放军海军航空兵部队。此后，陆基或舰载反潜/搜救用Z-8机型，即Z-8S和Z-8JH进入海军部门服役，而Z-8A、Z-8K和Z-8Ka则被人民解放空军用来执行搜救任务。

　　China has also recently developed a domestic civil helicopter variant of the Z -8 known as the Avicopter AC313， which is powered by three Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-67A engines.In 1980 China acquired rights for local assembly， and later production， of the AS365 Dauphin. Designated the Z-9， more than 200 examples have been built to date by Harbin. Another French-inspired chinese helicopter is the Z-11， which， despite CAIC claims that it is an independent development， is clearly a reverse-engineered AS350.

　　最近，中国又开发了一款国产Z-8民用直升机，即中航工业直升机公司Avicopter研制的AC313，AC313由三个普惠加拿大PT6B-67A发动机驱动。1980年，中国获得在当地组装AS365“海豚”直升机的许可，之后又获得生产许可，其指定生产型号为Z-9，迄今为止，哈尔滨飞机制造厂已生产了超过200架的Z-9。另一款法国风格的中国直升机是Z-11，尽管CAIC声称Z-11是中国独立研发的产物，但很显然，它是AS350的一个逆向工程。

　　Indeed， the machine uses identical dynamic parts and a locally produced version of the Arriel turboshaft engjne. Harbin has also been building the AS350's French replacement， the Eurocopter EC120，　since 2004， the assembly line in northern China being the only plant for the helicopter outside of France. Both the PLAGFAF and local police forces have purchased examples，which is designated the HC-120 in China.

　　确实，该直升机使用了与AS350相同的动力系统，以及本地生产的阿赫耶涡轮轴发动机。2004年开始，哈尔滨飞机制造公司也开始生产法国AS350的替代型直升机，即欧洲直升机公司的EC120直升机。当时的送过哈尔滨组装线成为法国以外唯一生产该直升机的工厂。 PLAGFAF和地方警察部队都采购了EC120，它们在中国被称为HC-120。

　　Another Airbus Helicopters design is also set to go into production in china in the near future following the signing of an agreement between the manufacturer and Avicopter on March 25，2014. As many as l，000 EC175/AC352 seven-ton medium utility helicopters could be built as the

　　Z-15， replacing the Mi-8， Sikorsky S-70， 2-8 and Z-9 in Chinese military service.

　　不久的将来，空客还将有一款直升机在中国投产，该公司制造商与Avicopter在2014年3月25日达成生产协议。大约1000架EC175/AC352中型多用途直升机将在中国生产，已被命名Z-15。Z-15将取代在中国军队服役的Mi-8、西科斯基S-70、Z-8和Z-9直升机。

　　According to an Airbus Helicopters press release at the time

　　the agreement was signed: "While development work has been equally shared between Airbus Helicopters and Avicopter for the EC175/AC352 project， production is likewise shared， combining　the capabilities of both companies. Coming from　a common platform， two different rotorcraft are being built: the AC352， assembled and supported from China by Avicopter， mainly for the Chinese market; and the EC175， assembled and supported by Airbus Helicopters from Marignane，　France， for the worldwide market.

　　根据空客直升机公司当时公布的信息:EC175/AC352项目的开发工作将在空客直升机和Avicopter之间同时进行，其生产过程也将综合两公司的能力实现共享。这两种不同的旋翼飞机: AC352将由来自中国的Avicopter组装，主要面向中国市场; EC175的组装和支持系统由法国马里尼昂空客直升机面向全球市场生产。

　　On a much smaller scale， Italian manufacturer　Agusta entered into license production with CAIC in 2000 for construction of its A109E light utility type. A modest number of helicopters have since been built by the Jiangxi Changhe-Agusta Helicopter Company under the designation CA109.

　　占比重较小的意大利制造商奥古斯塔，也在2000年与CAIC一起获得许可生产A109E轻型多用途直升机。现在，江西昌河-奥古斯塔直升飞机公司已制造了数量有限的该型直升机，其指定型号为CA109。

　　Finally， Russian helicopter giant Mil established a joint manufacturing plant with the　Sichuan Lantian Helicopter Co for local assembly of Mi-171 helicopters from 2008. Capable of delivering up to 80 helicopters a year， the plant was built in Sichuan province by Mil when it realised its two Russian factories could not cope with the volume of orders received china.

　　最后需要指出的是，俄罗斯直升机巨头米里设计局也在2008年成立了中俄直升机联合制造厂-即四川蓝天直升机公司-在当地组装Mi-171直升机。当意识到俄罗斯的两个工厂无法满足中国订单的时候，米里设计局与中国合作成立了四川蓝天直升机公司，该厂每年可生产80架Mi-171直升机。

　　Unlicensed helicopters

　　Chinese manufacturers have an unfortunate reputation of reverse-engineering technology supplied by foreign companies. For example， the 2-8 was used as the basis for the 'fully domesticated' AC313， the largest helicopter ever 'developed' in China featuring new avionics， a redesigned fuselage， new engines and many other upgraded systems not previously seen in the Super Frelon or the licensed Z-8. The first prototype made its maiden flight on March 18， 2010， and China views this type as a local counterpart to imported Mi-171 and Mi-17V-5/7 helicopters.

　　未获许可生产的直升机

　　遗憾的是，中国制造商曾因未获外国公司技术许可就开展逆向工程，在国际社会留下了坏名声。例如，Z-8是中国生产的AC313翻版，它是中国制造的体积最大的直升机，配备了新的航空电子设备，机身被重新设计过，飞机还换装了新的引擎和其他许多经过升级的系统，这在先前中国获得“超级黄蜂”许可生产的Z–8上从未出现过。第一架Z-8原型机于2010年3月18日实现首航，中国将此视为与进口的Mi-171和Mi-17V-5/7直升机性能类似的本土机型。

　　The medium utility Z-9 platform has also been significantly upgraded and redesigned，allowing it to perform myriad armed and unarmed roles. In its most modified form the helicopter is the basis for the WZ-19 battlefield scout. The light z-ii model has also recently been upgraded by Avicopter as the AC311，which evidentially combines features of both the AS350 and EC120.

　　Z-9中型多用途平台也经过了升级并被重新设计，它可以执行各种武装和非武装任务。其中，改动最多的Z-9直升机机型成为WZ-19战场侦察机的原型。最近由Avicopter升级的轻型Z-11直升机AC311则被证明兼具AS350和EC120的特性。

　　China now also has the economic power to influence the helicopter market. For example，with the EC175 model， Avicopter was initially contracted in 2008 to deliver airframes， gearboxes， fuel systems and undercarriage units， as well as to co-operate on the overall design of the helicopter. However， by early 2014 Chinese offiaals had 'persuaded' Airbus Helicopters to launch the locally built AC352(Z-15 in military service) powered by Chinese-manufactured WZ-16 engines - a license-built development of the Turbomeca Ardiden turboshaft engine - rather than the PT6C-67Es that will power the EC175.

　　此外，中国现在也有经济实力影响国际直升机市场。例如在EC175直升机项目上，根据2008年签署的合同，Avicopter将为之提供机身、变速箱、燃油系统和底盘单元，并将与对方合作完成直升机的总体设计。然而，2014年初，中国官员据说曾“说服”空客直升机公司，在中国本地生产AC352(即服役军方的Z-15)，且需使用中国制造的WZ-16引-获得许可生产的透博梅卡公司“阿蒂丹”涡轮轴发动机，而不是用EC175飞机使用的PT6C-67E发动机。

　　If production of the AC352 is a success， Airbus Helicopters will also offer the machine as an option to customers. Should this happen， it will be the first time that a leading aerospace manufacturer has agreed to sell a Chinese-developed version of one of its products.

　　如果AC352在中国的生产获得成功，空客直升机公司也将为客户生产这种飞机。如果是这样，这将是国际领先的航空制造商首次同意出售中国制造的本公司产品。

　　Proving China has not 'kicked' its habit of developing unlicensed versions of foreign military hardware， on December 23， 2013 a　photo appeared on a Chinese website of a medium utility helicopter dubbed the Z-20 making its first flight. Clearly based on the Sikorsky S-70C-2 (24 0f which were procured by China in 1983)， the new machine has a five-bladed rotor， a larger cabin than the original and a different landing gear and tail.China has long sought a medium sized military utility helicopter， and having failed to legitimately buy more S-70s， it now appears to have taken matters into its own hands.

　　不过，中国似乎还没有“放弃”制造未经授权的外国军事硬件，其中一个例子是：2013年12月23日中国网站出现了一张多用途直升机照片，照片描述为Z-20首飞。显然，这是模仿西科斯基S-70C-2 (中国于1983年采购了24架)制造的，Z-20采用了五桨旋翼设计，机舱更加宽敞，飞机起落架和尾翼也与之前的大不相同。中国一直在探索军用中型直升机，但却未能通过合法手段购买更多的S-70，所以，现在的中国似乎已经自己动手了。

发表于 2014-10-22 09:27

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登录/注册后可看大图 · 发表于 2014-10-22 16:27

本帖最后由 meirenjiao 于 2014-10-22 16:29 编辑

Their presence would almost certainly have evoked memories ofthe Sino-Soviet conflicts of 1929and 1969.

他们的存在几乎肯定会引起1929年和1969年中苏冲突的回忆。

发表于 2014-10-22 16:39

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【原创翻译】从仿制到掌握自主技术盘点中国武装直升机发展史

一个小问题,50-CAL是.50口径，说白了就是12.7mm，不是50mm

长文，辛苦！

it now appears to have taken matters into its own hands.擦，让你不卖

支持原创翻译

没有说Z五Z六的武装型，不幸福

真不容易啊，军警民搞个几万架也不多

晚上妹纸教藕鸟语，就这么说定鸟。

此处木有翻译好

妹妹真是英文超好的女军迷，甩参考消息相关文章编辑好几条街！

【原创翻译】从仿制到掌握自主技术 盘点中国武装直升机发展史

一个小问题,50-CAL是.50口径，说白了就是12.7mm，不是50mm

长文，辛苦！

it now appears to have taken matters into its own hands.擦，让你不卖

支持原创翻译

没有说Z五Z六的武装型，不幸福

真不容易啊，军警民搞个几万架也不多

晚上妹纸教藕鸟语，就这么说定鸟。

此处木有翻译好

妹妹真是英文超好的女军迷，甩参考消息相关文章编辑好几条街！

【原创翻译】从仿制到掌握自主技术盘点中国武装直升机发展史