【原创翻译】英、法走向联合研发无人机

发表于 2014-8-16 11:54

本帖最后由 ylj 于 2014-8-16 11:56 编辑

　http://aviationweek.com/defense/france-uk-move-toward-joint-ucav

　　来自战略之页的文章。
　　英、法走向联合研发无人机

　　无人机可行性研究称法、英两国航空工业将进行合作

　　2014年8月14日,托尼·奥斯本|航空周刊

　　France, U.K. Move Toward Joint UCAV

　　UCAV feasiblity study renews French-British aerospace industry cooperation

　　Aug 14, 2014Tony Osborne | Aviation Week & Space Technology

　　新的隐身技术、性能优良的涡扇发动机和多功能雷达将注定是英法共同研发的无人战斗机的新特点，无人机预计在2030年前后交付使用。

　　New low-observable technologies, a highly reliable turbofan engine and multifunction radar are among the technologies that could be destined for an Anglo-French unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) in the 2030s.

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　　上月在范堡罗航空展上由两国国防部长签署的为期两年的可行性研究,可能标志着自上世纪60年代协和式飞机发展以来，英、法两国航空航天工业返回到一个密切合作的时代。

　　A two-year feasibility study, signed by defense ministers from the two countries at the Farnborough air show last month, could mark the return to an era of close cooperation between the British and French aerospace industries not seen since the development of the Concorde in the 1960s.

　　关于未来战斗机系统(FCAS)将拥有先进的功能和技术,现在出现了更多的细节。两个国家都希望在未来几十年此项目能给他们带来前沿的空中力量和防卫武器方面的出口。

　　Now more details have emerged of some of the ambitious capabilities and technologies being envisaged for the Future Combat Air System (FCAS), which both nations hope will give them a leading edge in air power and defense exports in the coming decades.

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　　两国在2010年晚些时候签署的兰开斯特宫协议是双方联合研发无人战斗机的奠基石。进一步的跟进是今年1月份,在英格兰牛虻诺顿皇家空军的英法发布会上,法国总统弗朗索瓦•奥朗德和英国首相戴维•卡梅伦一起宣布了可行性研究计划,上个月英国国防部长菲利普·哈蒙德和法国国防部长简·伊万夫最后签署了协议。

　　The first stepping-stones toward development of a joint UCAV emerged from the Lancaster House accords signed between the two countries in late 2010. Further groundwork was laid with the feasibility study plan announced by French President Francois Hollande and British Prime Minister David Cameron during the Anglo-French conference at RAF Brize Norton, England, in January, and finally the signing last month by then-British Defense Secretary Philip Hammond and his French counterpart, Jean-Yves le Drian.

　　随着英国计划退役其“台风”战斗机，法国也将退役其早期的“阵风 ”战斗机和升级的“幻影2000”,这两个国家在2030年前后都迫切需要新的战斗机。

　　Both countries face the same pressing need for a new combat aircraft in the 2030 timeframe, as the U.K. plans to retire its Typhoons and the French will retire early-model Rafales and upgraded Mirage 2000s.

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　　可行性研究计划由法国武器装备总署(DGA)的国防采购局做出,涉及为两个型号战斗机提供未来空战系统(FCAS)功能。第一个型号使用单一载人平台,即所谓的“阵风NG +”这是达索公司产的一架新型战斗机，达索升级了其机体以改善其低观察力，同时也增加了其射程范围和更新了任务系统。第二个型号是两型舰队,其使用并不广泛的升级载人飞机,——“阵风”NG,拥有现代化的任务系统,和高强度的无人战斗机配合工作。

　　Studies by the French defense procurement agency, DGA, involve two models for delivering the FCAS capability. The first uses a single manned platform, a so-called Rafale NG+, a version of the Dassault fighter with significant airframe upgrades to improve its low-observability as well as increased range and updated mission system. The second option is a two-type fleet, with the manned component using a less extensively upgraded manned aircraft, a Rafale NG, with a modernized mission system only, working with a high-intensity UCAV.

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　　法国武器装备总署(DGA)未来作战航空主管菲利普•科菲在7月30日的无人战机发布会上说，“在法国,未来空战系统并不只是所看到的一个平台,而是几种元素构成的载人或无人的组合,因此我们推出了许多概念研究确定最佳的组合，——以最低的寿命周期成本拥有最佳能力。”

　　“In France, FCAS is not seen just as a single platform, but as a combination of several components, both manned or unmanned, and therefore we have launched many concept studies to identify the best combination—the best capabilities at the lowest life-cycle costs,” Philippe Koffi, head of future combat aeronautics at the DGA, said at a UCAV conference here July 30.

　　英国正在探索一个类似的路线。“台风”可能在2030年左右退役,英国可能会留下“F - 35闪电II”作为其主要的作战飞机。但是最近的文件释放出了新的想法。

　　Britain is exploring a comparable route. With its Typhoons potentially starting to leave the inventory around 2030, the U.K. could be left with the F-35 Lightning II as its main combat aircraft. But recent documents have revealed new thinking.

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　　为了回应英国议会国防委员会所提出的问题,上月英国国防部表示,未来空战系统(FCAS)研究计划正在考虑大量的替代方案,包括额外购买“F - 35”、延长“台风”战斗机的寿命或完全新造载人飞机。

　　In response to questions posed by the U.K. Parliamentary defense select committee, the U.K. Defense Ministry said last month that FCAS studies were looking at a number of alternatives, including additional buys of the F-35, a Typhoon life extension or an entirely new-build manned aircraft.

　　两国已经开始投资研发无人战斗机技术。英国有高度机密的“雷神”(塔拉尼斯，超级无人驾驶机)计划,法国则带领欧洲伙伴一起发展“神经元”无人战斗机。从两个系统都能汲取到经验的可行性研究计划,将在10月份开始。

　　Both countries have begun investing in UCAV technology. The U.K. has the highly secretive Taranis program, and France is leading development of the Neuron with several European partners. Experience from both systems will feed into the feasibility study that will begin in October.

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　　然而,在它开始之前,官员们不得不做两个关键假设:一,法国和英国在那个时期仍将保留航空航天行业,二,2030年将是未来空战系统临时操作能力的期限。

　　Before it begins, however, officials have been forced to make two key assumptions: One, both France and the U.K. will remain in the aerospace industry during that time period and, two, 2030 will be the date for the FCAS interim operating capability.

　　“可行性阶段将不得不提供这些关键问题的答案,”科菲说。“无人战斗机在2030年的期限内能否实现预想的运营效益，并且它在技术上能实现低成本吗?”

　　“The feasibility phase will have to provide answers to [these] crucial issues,” Koffi said. “Will the UCAV be able to provide expected operational benefits within the 2030 timeframe and . . . is it technically achievable at the cost?”

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　　在为期两年的研究中，两国将共同斥资2亿(3.37亿美元)英镑。最初提案预计在未来几周将来自行业合作伙伴，第一份合同将在明年春天授予。

　　The two countries will jointly spend £200 million ($337 million) on the two-year study. Initial proposals are expected from industry partners in the coming weeks and the first contract awards next spring.

　　每个国家将花费1亿英镑;6000万英镑将用于四个核心活动,如选择研究一个前沿领域或部分机身的平面图。工程师还必须决定是否使用现有引擎的衍生物,如斯内克玛公司的M88或欧洲喷气式飞机的“EJ200”,或一个全新的引擎应对隐身飞机进气口对气流的需求。

　　Each country will spend £100 million; £60 million will go to four core activities, such as selecting either a single leading edge or a partial fuselage for the planform. Engineers will also have to decide whether to use a derivative of a current engine, such as Snecma’s M88 or Eurojet’s EJ200, or an entirely new high-bypass engine to cope with the airflows demand of the low-observable air intake.

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　　这部分将依赖计划规模。“神经元”战斗机重7000公斤(15400磅),现有飞行耐力是3小时。但未来空中战斗系统(FCAS)任务要求显著提高飞行耐力,也许至9或12小时。

　　Part of this will be dependent on planned size. Neuron now has an endurance of 3 hr. with a weight of 7,000 kg (15,400 lb.), but FCAS mission requirements demand significantly higher endurance, perhaps up to 9 or 12 hr.

　　这一项目可能需要配套净重几乎是“神经元”三倍的飞机。从逻辑上讲,英国武装侦察任务中指定要求，一个在盘旋过程中飞得更远、耐力更久的战斗机需要携带更多的武器以攻击更多的目标。

　　The program may need to go with an aircraft that has an empty weight almost three times that of the Neuron. Logically, a platform that flies further and longer also needs to carry more weaponry to allow it to engage more targets during the loitering, armed reconnaissance mission specified in the U.K. Requirements.

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　　工程师将研究两种不同变体的潜力,一种是为了满足每个国家的需求。关于空域一体、寿命周期成本分析和仿真能力的发展还会有具体的研究。

　　Engineers will study the potential of two different variants, one for each country’s requirements. There will also be specific studies on airspace integration, life-cycle cost analysis and development of a simulation capability.

　　此外,每个国家将花费4000万英镑用于敏感技术的发展。特别是,多功能雷达的开发,用于传统的映射、目标识别以及适应着用武器为战斗机提供良好的自卫能力,如欧洲导弹公司(MBDA)的远程流星空对空导弹。

　　In addition, each country will spend £40 million for the development and maturation of sensitive technologies. In particular, the development of a multifunction radar capability that could be used for traditional mapping and target identification as well as adapted to give the platform a credible self-defense capability with a weapon such as MBDA’s long-range Meteor air-to-air missile.

　　据科菲称,雷达发展将是“最具创新的，是可行性阶段典型的发展。”

　　According to Koffi, the radar development will be “one of the most innovative and emblematic developments of this feasibility phase.”

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　　两国官员已经同意这一任务，之后未来空战系统(FCAS)将被使用。英国补充道，“五个任务将被视为首要任务,其中包括抑制和破坏敌人的防空系统(SEAD/DEAD),机场攻击,对抗战略目标的任务,争夺区域的空中封锁,进行武装侦察任务的能力。”

　　Officials from both countries have agreed on the mission sets on which the FCAS would be employed. Five missions are seen as a top priority, these include suppression and destruction of enemy air defenses (SEAD/DEAD), airfield attack, missions against strategic targets, air interdiction in a contested environment and the ability to carry out an armed reconnaissance mission, added by the U.K.

　　对于最后一点,一旦杀伤性的远程地基防空系统被压制，飞机将利用其盘旋能力侦察和攻击敏感时间点的目标。其他优先级较低的任务包括反舰攻击,近距离空中支援和防御性的防空任务。

　　For the latter, the aircraft would use its loitering capabilities to detect and engage time-sensitive targets once the more lethal and capable long-range ground-based air defense systems have been neutralized. Other missions with lower priority are anti-ship strike, close air support and defensive counter-air tasks.

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　　信息和通讯系统将被更新换代,工程师计划模拟系统开发并且定义演示阶段如何运行,使用大规模或小规模的无人战斗机演示。

　　Information and communications systems will be updated, and engineers plan to use simulation in system development and to define how a demonstration phase could be run, either using a full-scale or sub-scale UCAV demonstrator.

　　“如果这项决定是积极的,将会有一个未来空战系统的演示项目,”科菲说。“这可能会延长大约八年,将是一个在空战领域的战略计划,首先是英法项目,其次可以开放给第三方和其他欧洲伙伴。”

　　“If the decision is positive, there will be an FCAS demonstration program,” says Koffi. “This could extend over about eight years and would be a strategic program in the combat air sector, an Anglo-French project in the first place, but could be open to third parties and other European partners.”

　　开发阶段可能会从2016年开始,可能会在本世纪20年代早期带来新的未来空战系统无人机演示飞行。它还将推出开发和制造程序,使技术准备进一步成熟。

　　The development phase could begin in 2016 and may lead to a new FCAS UCAV demonstrator flying in the early 2020s. It will also see the launch of a development and manufacturing program that will further mature some Technology Readiness Level 6 capabilities.

　　空中加油也是无人战斗机的计划,最初会允许飞机渡运，但后来会增加射程范围和飞行耐力。电子战系统正在被考虑，这样无人战斗机可以处理突然弹出的威胁。而且在当前的两个演示项目中,战斗机将有高水平的自主性，这样将减少对数据链接的依赖，也降低了操作人员的工作量。据科菲称,这种自主性是通过使用先进的传感器，关联到路线重规划和目标跟踪。

　　Inflight refueling is being planned for the UCAV as well, initially to allow ferrying but later to increase range and endurance. Electronic warfare systems are being considered so the UCAV can deal with pop-up threats, but as on the two current demonstrators, there will also be a high level of autonomy to reduce the reliance on data links and decrease operator workload. According to Koffi, this autonomy will be related to route replanning and target tracking through the use of advanced sensors.

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　　许多武器也被设想装载在战斗机内部弹仓,主要有空对地武器,比如萨基姆导弹。

　　A large range of weapons is also envisaged for internal carriage, mainly air-to-ground munitions, such as Sagem’s AASM.

　　科菲说,“未来空战系统(FCAS)的推出将伴随着高预算限制,但前提是我们能展示出操作功能方面的突破”。

　　“[The FCAS] will be launched with high budget constraints, but only if we can demonstrate the breakthroughs needed in operational capabilities,” said Koffi.

　　官员们对于每架飞机成本将小于目前的“阵风”和“台风”战斗机是有希望的，并且通过模拟平时训练其终身成本将保持很低。

　　Officials are hopeful that the cost per aircraft will be less than that of the current Rafale and Typhoon generation of fighters and that through-life costs will be kept lower through simulation for peacetime training.

　　科菲和他的英国同行乐观地认为，将从每个国家的演示程序中汲取教训,但关于双方维持合作可能还是会有一些摩擦。英国一直在保密情况下竭力保持雷神战斗机演示,甚至没有公布战斗机的数量，或命名在澳大利亚南部的武麦拉测试站点(在这里曾进行了前两个飞行阶段测试)。

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　　Koffi and his British counterparts are optimistic that lessons will be taken from each country’s demonstrator programs, but there is likely to be some friction on both sides about how far the sharing goes. The U.K. has been at particular pains to keep its Taranis demonstration under wraps, not even detailing the number of flights completed or naming the Woomera test site in Southern Australia where the first two flight-test phases were conducted.

　　从最近战斗机隐身能力的试验看,似乎是“雷神”战斗机可能小幅领先于“神经元”,这是由于其隐形配置在开始飞行测试中没有9月的飞行数据调查。这将引领从“神经元”的飞行测试阶段到无人机演示阶段,其中在试验中它将分别与法国、意大利和瑞典的雷达和红外传感器竞争。

　　It appears that with the most recent trials of the low-observable capabilities of the platform, the Taranis may have a small lead over the Neuron, which is due to start flight tests in its low-observable configuration without a flight data probe in September. This will lead the way from Neuron’s flight-test phase into the UCAV demonstration phase, in which it will compete against French, Italian and Swedish radars and infra-red sensors in trials at Istres, France; Decimomannu, Sardinia; and Vidsel, Sweden, respectively.

　　光电传感器的测试将在意大利进行,而发射250公斤的武器预计在维德塞尔进行。“神经元”演示工作预计将在2015年7月完成。

　　Tests of the optronic sensors will be conducted in Italy, while weapon drops of 250-kg-class weapons are planned at Vidsel. The Neuron demonstration work is expected to be completed in July 2015.

　　与此同时,英国计划明年将雷神战机送回澳大利亚,用于在各操作层面测试雷达系统。

　　Meanwhile, the U.K. plans to send Taranis back to Australia next year, for tests of the systems radar cross section in operation.

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【原创翻译】英、法走向联合研发无人机

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