2014年5月21日在上海，俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔•普京和中国国家主席习近平在签字仪式上共饮伏特加。 萨莎/盖蒂图片社
本文摘录自《俄中轴心：新冷战和美国领导力危机》，作者道格拉斯·斯克恩和梅里克·凯兰，文章认为，只有美国复苏全球领导力，才可以应对俄、中轴心日益加剧的威胁。
文章称，俄罗斯与中国当前在政治、军事、及经济上的合作与协调达到了前所未有的程度，双方合作（几乎不存在偏差）一同反对来自美国与西方的影响。
俄罗斯、中国和一些卫星国家寻求削弱美国实力，驱逐美国在世界上的领先地位，并建立新的、反西方的全球权力结构。
俄罗斯在东、中欧，中国在亚洲越来越咄咄逼人、独断自信、甚至霸道，虽然奥巴马政府制定了“亚洲战略支点”政策，但美国显然缺乏一以贯之的回应。
现在，美国仍无所作为，最明显的例子就是俄罗斯在2014年3月吞并了克里米亚，而且似乎仍没收手迹象，准备进一步侵占乌克兰领土。
如往常一样，得到中国平静但明确支持的俄罗斯，显然不惧美国和西方虚张声势的吓唬。
2014年11月11日，中国主席习近平，俄罗斯总统普京，和美国总统巴拉克•奥巴马，他们在北京雁栖湖国际会议中心参加亚太经济合作组织（APEC）会议。/路透社
简而言之，新冷战在酝酿之中，我们的老对手重返游戏，而且比数十年前更强大，而美国却是自卡特政府以来，变得更加困惑与踌躇。
现在俄、中轴心几乎在每一个你可想得到的领域对抗美国及西方利益。这些包括：
一，常规武器和核武器等大规模的军事建设，他们经常互相协作与支援；还有导弹防务，他们签署了一项合作协议。
二，双方秘密签署了一系列贸易和经济协议——从天然气和石油交易到与新兴发展国家合作创建替代性的国际金融机构。
三，常常违反联合国准则，采取攻击性措施，巩固和扩大在他们势力范围的领土主张：俄罗斯针对中亚和其“近邻”；中国则向东海和南海的争议岛屿，也向其亚洲邻国不断挑衅。
四，无论在经济还是军事上，资助“流氓”政权，特别是在核武器方面。中国多年来一直经济援助疯狂的朝鲜政权，使得平壤的核活动拒绝接收联合国制裁。俄罗斯资助伊朗的核项目，也充当叙利亚独裁者巴沙尔•阿萨德最强大的盟友，以武器、基地和资金资助——甚至普京在外交协议中发挥了关键作用，带头呼吁阿萨德交出化学武器。
五，在贸易战中，使用能源和其他原材料作为武器。
六，作为全球网络战的两大始作俑者——活动几乎完全针对美国或西方的目标。
七，发动对抗西方的情报窃取战争，已经持续多年，2013年成为这一事件的缩影，美国国家安全局承包商和情报泄密者爱德华·斯诺登，先是中国暂时庇护，然后俄罗斯给以庇护。
八，资助（间接资助）哈马斯和真主党等恐怖主义组织。
九，在联合国立场一致，当安理会就克里米亚公投表决，俄罗斯投了否决票，中国则投了弃权票，使得克里米亚公投宣布无效。
事实上，俄罗斯和中国加剧了如今几乎所有美国面临的威胁或问题——从恐怖主义到阿富汗战争，再到西半球的动荡以及伊朗拥有核武器的可能性。我们理解为什么某些人会认为，这种说法听起来很极端或毫无根据。最近两个政权之间的温暖掩饰了曾经分裂和敌意的历史，就在冷战时期，中苏关系破裂。
2014年5月20日上海，第四次亚洲互动和建立信任措施会议(亚信论坛)，中国国家主席习近平和俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔•普京在会议开幕式前。/德米特里•阿扎罗夫/《生意人报》的照片
两国关系在1969年降至最低点，当时紧张局势几乎导致全面战争。但随着1989年5月戈尔巴乔夫访华，尤其是苏联解体后的几年，增长的战略亲和力促使两国关系更紧密。可以肯定的是，这两个国家在远东同时保持着竞争对手与合作伙伴的关系。尤其是俄罗斯，担心中国的扩张主义以及中国难民渗透到他们的势力范围。
中国也担心俄罗斯会如欧盟一样，组建联合体，从而威胁到中国在中亚的投资机会。
《俄、中轴心：新冷战和美国的领导力危机》，Douglas Schoen和Melik Kaylan著
在竞争压力和目标分歧的情况下，他们的共同利益当然可能受到损害。
摘录自《俄中轴心：新冷战和美国的领导力危机》Douglas Schoen和Melik Kaylan著。
原文：
9 Ways China And Russia Are Partnering To Undermine The US
DOUGLAS E. SCHOEN AND MELIK KAYLAN, "THE RUSSIA-CHINA AXIS"
JAN. 21, 2015
Sasha Mordovets/Getty Images Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping toast with vodka during a signing ceremony on May 21, 2014 in Shanghai.
In this excerpt from "The Russia-China Axis: The New Cold War And America's Crisis Of Leadership," authors Douglas E. Schoen and Melik Kaylan argue that only a rebirth of American global leadership can combat the growing threat from the Russian-Chinese axis.
Russia and China now cooperate and coordinate to an unprecedented degree — politically, militarily, economically — and their cooperation, almost without deviation, carries anti-American and anti-Western ramifications.
Russia, China and a constellation of satellite states seek to undermine American power, dislodge America from its leading position in the world, and establish a new, anti-Western global power structure.
And both Russia in Eastern and Central Europe and China throughout Asia are becoming increasingly aggressive and assertive, even hegemonic, in the absence of a systematic US response — not withstanding the Obama administration's "strategic pivot to Asia."
For now, the most obvious example of American impotence is the Russian repossession of Crimea in March 2014 and the seemingly inexorable preparation for further territorial claims in Ukraine. Here as elsewhere, Russia, with the quiet but clear backing of China, has called America's — and the West's — bluff, with little consequence.
REUTERS/Kim Kyung-HoonChina's President Xi Jinping (front), Russian President Vladimir Putin (2nd row), and US President Barack Obama (3rd row) walk as they take part in an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) family photo inside the International Convention Center at Yanqi Lake in Beijing, Nov. 11, 2014.
In short, there is a new Cold War in progress, with our old adversaries back in the game, more powerful than they have been for decades, and with America more confused and tentative than it has been since the Carter years.
Those in the Russia-China Axis now operate against American and Western interests in nearly every conceivable area. Their efforts include the following:
Overseeing massive military buildups of conventional and nuclear forces, on which they often collaborate and supply each other, as well as of missile defense—on which they have signed an agreement of partnership.
Conducting aggressive and often underhanded trade and economic policies — in everything from major gas and oil deals to collaboration with newly developed nations on creating alternative international financial institutions.
Taking aggressive action to consolidate and expand territorial claims in their spheres of influence, often in violation of UN norms: Russia in Central Asia and its “near abroad”; China, with its belligerence toward various disputed islands in the East and South China Seas and also toward its Asian neighbors.
Facilitating rogue regimes, both economically and militarily, especially in regard to nuclear weaponry. China has kept the deranged North Korean regime afloat for years with economic aid and enabled Pyongyang’s nuclear pursuits by its refusal to enforce UN sanctions. Russia has bankrolled Iran’s nuclear program and also acted as Syrian dictator Bashar Assad’s strongest ally, showering his regime with weapons systems, bases, and funding — even as Putin has played a key role in spearheading the diplomatic agreement calling for Assad to turn over his chemical weapons.
Using energy resources and other raw materials as weapons in trade wars.
Acting as the two leading perpetrators of cyberwarfare worldwide — activity almost entirely directed against US or Western targets.
Waging a war of intelligence theft and espionage against the West — an effort that has gone on for years but was epitomized in 2013, when China temporarily sheltered, and then Russia accepted for asylum, American NSA contractor and intelligence leaker Edward Snowden.
Facilitating, albeit indirectly, terrorist groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah.
Standing together at the UN, as when the Russians vetoed — and the Chinese abstained from voting on — a Security Council resolution declaring the Crimea referendum invalid.
Indeed, Russia and China exacerbate virtually every threat or problem facing the United States today — from terrorism to the war in Afghanistan to instability in the Western Hemisphere and the possibility of a nuclear-armed Iran.
We understand why, to some ears, this argument might sound extreme or unfounded. The recent warmth between the two regimes masks a long history of division and hostility, most recently during the Cold War, when the Sino-Soviet split divided the communist world.
Dmitry Azarov/Kommersant Photo/Getty Meeting of Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin before the opening ceremony of the fourth Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA), May 20, 2014, Shanghai.
The relations of the two countries reached a nadir in 1969, when tensions between them nearly led to all-out war. But since Mikhail Gorbachev’s visit to China in May 1989, and especially since the fall of the Soviet Union a few years later, growing strategic affinity has prompted stronger bilateral ties. To be sure, the two nations remain rivals as well as partners in the Far East. The Russians, in particular, worry about Chinese expansionism and the penetration of Chinese refugees into their sphere of influence.
The Chinese worry about Russian desires to merge the former Soviet republics into some kind of alternative European Union, thus threatening Chinese economic opportunities in Central Asia.
via Amazon"The Russia-China Axis" by Douglas E. Schoen and Melik Kaylan.
It’s certainly possible that their shared interests could erode under the pressure of competition and divergent goals.
Excerpted with permission from "The Russia-China Axis: The New Cold War And America's Crisis Of Leadership" by Douglas Schoen and Melik Kaylan. Excerpted with permission by Encounter Books. Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.
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