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20世纪50年代，苏联军方将领们认为，有必要研制核动力飞机和原子能远程战略轰炸机。当时，苏联已经制造了第一艘装有独立核反应堆的原子能破冰船。所以核动力飞机项目似乎也可以实现。
先剧透一下，前苏联确实研制出了核反应堆飞机。以下是具体介绍：
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当时，美国有近1000架远程战略轰炸机，它们可以携核弹进入俄罗斯。苏联军方官员担心自己没有足够的远程飞机与美国抗衡，所以也决定制造远程战略轰炸机，只是他们所采用的动力装置不是传统的螺旋桨或喷气动力，而是原子能。
为什么选择核动力? 根据他们的计算，对于大尺寸的超音速飞机来说，要搭载大量的炸弹，需要10000多吨的燃料。除此之外，飞机燃料如何储存也是问题。
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图为第一架采用核反应堆的飞机设计。
1952年6月，苏联杰出的核工程师亚历山德罗夫对苏联“原子弹之父”库尔恰托夫说:“凭借我们的原子反应堆知识，在几年时间内完成原子动力发动机的研发是可行的”。
然而在之后“几年”里——确切地说是三年，重型轰炸机出现——例如Tu-95熊-现在仍被用于俄罗斯空军，按计划至少要服役到2040年。
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与此同时，计划中的核动力空中平台有了自己的名称“M-50”，核动力引擎最初被置于飞机前部，但正如你所看到的这张照片，后来又被放到尾部。
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这是M-50的其中一张定装照——现在它被称为M-52 M-56K甚至是M-60——当时开发了几个版本——各小组工程师开发了几个类似的飞机模型。
这些飞机中，大多数的核动力引擎使用了熔融金属核反应堆，热量在发动机内实现了自循环。这些材料都是熔融锂或钠。发动机也可使用常规飞机燃料——就像油电混合动力汽车一样。
这些飞机内部都可放置一架小型飞机——即我们现在所说的无人机。之前的图片中可以看到(上面一张就是)。它被标记为红色，位于飞机机身中部。
这种无人机可以更精确的方式投掷炸弹，超音速飞行的母机不必降低高度。这些小飞机可以贴近地面做所有的工作。从某种程度上讲，这是核苏联时期的一种亚轨道核动力空中母舰。
可悲的是，这种可以精确打击的飞机项目没有完成。监制核动力飞机项目的总工程师被调往更重要的任务——研发弹道导弹——可以精确打击远在千里之外的国家，也不必投放无人机或使用熔融锂。就这样，核动力飞机项目被叫停。
不过，我曾经说过，之后的核动力飞机项目仍得以继续。 是的，有另一组研究人员从事了这份工作，这是他们的故事:
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在这张照片上，你可以看到真正的、曾经被视为高度机密的苏联核动力飞机。与前面飞机一不一样，它们不是超音速飞机，用的是螺旋桨动力，不过仍然属于核动力战略轰炸机!
TU agency 是这一飞机项目的研发机构，最初，他们的任务比较简单，负责开发一款核动力螺旋推进式飞机。
刚开始的1956年，他们在常规动力图- 95飞机的基础上，组建了一个“空中核动力实验室”。后来真正的核动力TU 式飞机进入生产过程。
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这是TU实验室的一个真实方案，核动力涡轮增压发动机。
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这是他们开发的另一种发动机。核装置被放在了引擎周围的动力循环部位。
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这是一个未经打磨的引擎测试站。
这张图展示了反应堆、发动机和传感器在飞机内部的分布。飞机得名 TU-95LAL。
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驾驶舱后面有一层很厚的辐射防护装置。不过，外墙没有那么厚，辐射波可以从两边扩散。
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这是飞机被打开的照片。照片展示了飞机内部核反应堆周围的防护墙。
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这是他们如何将反应堆移除或安装到飞机上的图片。
不管你信不信，他们当时确实已经能把这架飞机送上天了，在一年的时间里- 也就是第一位俄罗斯宇航员升空的1961年——这架飞机试飞34次。
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他们发现，这样做存在的危险主要是：飞机反应堆的放射性废物污染了大片土地。所以这个项目也下马了!
飞机之后被遗弃在核试验站超过15年，最后在高级官员的特殊命令下拆除。
然而，这仍然不是俄罗斯核动力飞机历史的终结。
如果我告诉你还有第三架呢? !
是的，有，请看AN-22 01-07:
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在前面两个项目被废弃后，研究人员从中积累的大部分知识和开发技术都被用来建造核潜艇。多年以来的实践证明，它们是非常好的工程理念，小型核反应堆的处理技术也得到了检验。
到了20世纪70年代，苏联已经可以制造最先进的核动力平台。有人会问有毒的废物怎么办? 不用担心。有关的工程师表示，“唯一的废物是它产生的热气流，听起来比普通汽油动力的飞机更加环保”。
这种环保理念确实实现了，20世纪50-60年代之后，他们放弃了核反应堆的“开式循环”设计，采用了“闭合循环”模式。
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这是一张引擎绘图。它被称为“涡喷核动力复合引擎”。
工程师表示，一切都很好，这台发动机属节能环保型，几乎可以无限的飞行(原文如此)。想象一下，只要需要，这架飞机便可在空中无限期无限续航而不着陆，至少在技术上是可行的。
但工程师说，唯一的问题是，由于存在一些技术隐患，如果有人攻击飞机或者坠落，反应堆或引擎会遭到破坏。在这种情况下，引擎/反应堆外壳被损坏，导致大量有毒核物质泄露。所以他们开始进一步研究如何保护引擎，但是…伴随着冷战结束，苏联解体，我们仍然没有看到既环保、廉价又可以无限续航的飞机。
源文：
http://englishrussia.com/2015/02 ... ear-airplane-m-60m/
Soviet Top Secret Nuclear Airplane M-60M
Posted on February 2, 2015 by tim
In 1950s the idea of creating the nuclear airplane, the long range strategic bomber powered on the power of atom was considered as a necessity by Soviet generals. At that time there was already built first Russian atomic ice breaker with its independent nuclear reactor on board. So the plane seemed to be pretty real.
To give you a little spoiler on this post - yes, they finally was to able to build a working plane with a nuclear reactor on board which was powering it during the flight. Interested? Let's see how it all looked like:
There were almost 1,000 long range strategic bombers in the USA able to deliver nuclear bombs right into Russia at that time and Soviet army officials were afraid they had no such long range planes so they decided to get those, but not traditional propeller or jet powered ones but rather a nuclear one.
Why nuclear? Because according to their calculations the supersonic planes of big size needed for the transportation of lots of bombs would need over 10,000 tons of fuel just for one flight. Even storing such amounts of aircraft petrol in one place tend to be a problem.
Here on the pictures you can see a proposed design for the first plane with atomic nuclear reactor on board.
In June 1952 the leading Soviet nuclear engineer Alexandrov was telling the "godfather" of Soviet atomic industry Kurchatov: "Our knowledge of atomic reactors allows us to raise a question of achieving the development of engines powered with atomic force in nearest years".
However during these "few years" - three years to be exact, already the "conventional" heavy bombers appeared - for example the TU-95s "Bears" - which are still being used in Russian air force and are planned to be in service for as long as 2040 minimum.
Meanwhile, the planned nuclear plane has got its model name "M-50" and the nuclear engine initially was planned to be placed in the front part of the plane, but later as you can see on this picture was moved backwards.
This was one of the final looks of M-50 - it was now called M-52, M-56K or even M-60 - depending on the specimen that was developed - in parallel there were a few of similar planes prepared by separate groups of engineers.
Most of such planes had the nuclear engines that used molten metals to transfer heat from the nuclear reactor to the engine itself. Those were molten lithium or sodium. The engines also had an option to work on regular aircraft fuel - just like your regular hybrid car can go on electricity and on gas.
Also those planes were hosting one small plane - drone as we call it now - inside of themselves. You can see it on the previous picture (one which is above this one). It is marked red there and is located in the mid part of the plane.
The idea for this drone was to be able to shoot bombs in more precise manner without the main plane going too much down from the supersonic altitidues it was going to fly at. So it just dropped this little plane which did all the job closer to the ground. Sort of a nuclear Soviet sub-orbital mothership.
Sadly, this exact plane was not finished. The main engineer who supervised those groups was moved to more important task at time - building the ballistic missiles - the ones that can reach far far away countries for sure and without the tricks of dropping drones or using molten lithium. So the project was closed.
However, remember I told you the nuclear planes still were built? Yes, there was another group working on those, and here is their story:
On this picture you can see the real and once being highly classified top secret Soviet nuclear plane. It was not a supersonic jet as the one before, was using the power of propellers to move, however it was still a nuclear powered strategic bomber!
It was developed in TU agency and their task was initially more simpler - to build a normal propellered but nuclearly powered plane.
At first in 1956 they built a "Flying Nuclear Lab" based on the normal TU-95 plane. Later the real nuclear TU went into process of building.
This is a real scheme of the nuclear turbo engine of the TU lab.
And this was another type of the engine they developed. The nuclear elements in this one was placed in round fashion around the engine.
This was an unground testing site for those engines.
And this is how the reactor, the engine and the sensors were hosted inside of the plane's body. The plane got its name TU-95LAL.
Behind the pilots cabin there was a very thick layer of radiation protection installed. However the outer walls were not that thick and radiation could go on the sides.
Here is this plane photographed unclose. Once very top secret now possible to see and explore - this photo shows the walls around the nuclear reactor inside this plane.
And this is how they were removing and installing the reactor from/into the plane.
Believe it or not but they were able to get this plane into the skies and just in one year - 1961 the year of the first Russian cosmonaut - this plane has took 34 flights alone.
The main danger they figured out was that such plane could contaminate huge areas of land with radioactive wastes. Remember that think side walls? So this project was dropped too!
The plane was left abandoned on the nuclear test site for over 15 years and then demolished by special order of top party officials.
However, this is still not the end of the nuclear planes history of Russia.
What if I tell you there was also a third plane?!
Yes, there was - please meet AN-22 01-07:
After the first two projects were abandoned most of the knowledge and developed technologies were then used to build the nuclear submarines. They successfully have been proved a good working idea and tested the approaches to the compact reactors for years. So later 1970s they were able to build the most advanced Soviet nuclear plane to date. How about the poisonous wastes? Nothing like that. "The only waste it produced was the heated air stream", remembers the engineer, "it was more ecologically sound than even the regular gas powered planes - no wastes at all".
This was achieved because after 1950s-60s they dropped the idea of nuclear reactors with "open cycle" and developed the "closed cycle" ones.
This is a drawing of this engine. It was called "combined turbo jet nuclear engine.
The engineers were telling that everything was nice with this engine - no waste, almost unlimited flight range (sic!). Just imagine this plane could fly around without landing as long as it wanted or as long as it was technically sound. The only problem says the engineer was the damage of the reactor or engine - if someone shoots down the plane or it falls down due to some technical mischiefs. In this case the casing of the engine/reactor can be damaged and lots of nuclear toxic stuff can be leaked. So they moved on to protect the engines further but...
But then the cold war ended, the Soviet Union collapsed, and we still don't see the ecological, cheap and unlimited air flights.
作者: kls1980 时间: 2015-2-3 16:07
标题: 敢想敢干 不记代价投入的时代
作者: 0211 时间: 2015-2-3 16:17
标题: ....
作者: 笑看风云 时间: 2015-2-3 16:19
标题: 支持原创翻译！如果冷战一直存在下去没准真装备了。
作者: 田舍郎 时间: 2015-2-3 16:24
美国也走同样的路，开始是核动力飞机，然后是导弹
作者: 重修 时间: 2015-2-3 18:05
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